WEBVTT

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Kīlauea, 2018: did this crater form in one instant?. Two images show a large change. To understand what happened between them, return to the camera sequence.

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This record compresses months. USGS selected roughly one image per day. The movement you see is not real-time footage.

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14 April: find the lava lake. The small red area beneath the plume is lava. This frame gives us a starting point for the later change.

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May: visibility changes. Steam and ash obscure part of the crater. A rim hidden in one frame is not proof that it has vanished.

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Follow the order, not one dramatic moment. As the dates advance, both visibility and the landform change. One dramatic plume cannot explain the whole sequence.

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June–July: the margins retreat. Use the distant horizon as a reference. The fractured foreground and crater margin do not stay the same.

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Two dates from the same camera. The divider separates two dates of the same area. Follow the changing crater margin; the images have not been warped.

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Change continues in later frames. The camera sequence shows a process longer than one explosion. Follow the dates recorded in the images.

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Do not infer a count from the film. USGS reports 62 collapse events. That number is not a count we made from the video.

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Why did it collapse? The camera alone is not enough. USGS links collapse to ground losing support as magma withdrew. These images do not directly show underground processes.

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18 August: the resulting landscape. This final frame shows the surface on that date. It does not tell us when another eruption will happen.

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Finding: staged collapse, not real-time footage. CSINT compared frames and dates. USGS supplied the record and physical explanation. We did not measure depth.